The use of earthworms in composting of waste and in farm production were known for ages but have now been scientifically and commercially revived.

Birds were released at between 41 and 72 days old.Vermitechnology is emerging as an environmentally sustainable, economically viable and socially acceptable technology all over the world consisting of several categories: vermi-composting (management of most organic wastes) vermi-filtration (treatment of municipal and several industrial wastewaters) vermi-remediation (treatment and clean up of contaminated lands) vermi-agroproduction (production of chemical-free foods by worms and vermicompost) vermi-protection (protection of human health by medicines from worms) vermi-production (production of valuable industrial raw materials from worms). Artificial incubation consisted of a 37.6 oC incubator with 80-85% humidity, with chicks then fed on tubifex worms, supplements, krill and crickets. six of sixteen wild-reared), although this difference was not significant. Hand-reared females tended to nest in less productive areas than wild-reared birds and produced fewer young (two of eight hand-reared birds produced young vs. Hand-reared birds laid eggs later than wild-reared, although this difference was not significant.

In 1987, eight hand-reared birds’ breeding attempts were monitored, alongside 16 wild-reared birds. Fledging rates were 79% and 38% for hand-reared and wild-reared chicks respectively. This compared with 92% of 185 parent-incubated eggs, or 43% including those destroyed by humans or natural causes.

1989), found that 79% of 28 artificially incubated Kentish (snowy) plover Charadrius alexandrinus eggs, taken from the wild, hatched (excluding 16 that were thought to be dead or infertile).

Artificially incubate and hand-rear waders in captivityĪ replicated, controlled trial on coastal habitats in California, USA, in 1986 (Page et al.

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